Lcd and organic el display

ABSTRACT

A switching element of LCDs or organic EL displays which uses a thin film transistor device, includes: a drain electrode, a source electrode, a channel layer contacting the drain electrode and the source electrode, wherein the channel layer comprises indium-gallium-zinc oxide having a transparent, amorphous state of a composition equivalent to InGaO 3 (ZnO) m  (wherein m is a natural number less than 6) in a crystallized state, and the channel layer has a semi-insulating property represented by an electron mobility of more than 1 cm 2 /(V·sec) and an electron carrier concentration is less than 10 18 /cm 3 , a gate electrode, and a gate insulating film positioned between the gate electrode and the channel layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/243,244 filed Sep. 23, 2011, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/504,116 filed on Jul. 16, 2009, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/592,431, filed on Sep. 11, 2006, now abandoned, which is a 371 of International Application No. PCT/JP05/03273, filed on Feb. 28, 2005, which claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application Nos. 2004-071477, filed on Mar. 12, 2004 and 2004-325938 filed on Nov. 10, 2004, the entire contents of all which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

The present invention relates to amorphous oxides and thin film transistors.

Background Art

A thin film transistor (TFT) is a three-terminal element having a gate terminal, a source terminal, and a drain terminal. It is an active element in which a semiconductor thin film deposited on a substrate is used as a channel layer for transportation of electrons or holes and a voltage is applied to the gate terminal to control the current flowing in the channel layer and switch the current between the source terminal and the drain terminal. Currently, the most widely used TFTs are metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistors (MIS-FETs) in which the channel layer is composed of a polysilicon or amorphous silicon film.

Recently, development of TFTs in which ZnO-based transparent conductive oxide polycrystalline thin films are used as the channel layers has been actively pursued (Patent Document 1). These thin films can be formed at low temperatures and is transparent in visible light; thus, flexible, transparent TFTs can be formed on substrates such as plastic boards and films.

However, known ZnO rarely forms a stable amorphous phase at room temperature and mostly exhibits polycrystalline phase; therefore, the electron mobility cannot be increased because of the diffusion at the interfaces of polycrystalline grains. Moreover, ZnO tends to contain oxygen defects and a large number of carrier electrons, and it is thus difficult to decrease the electrical conductivity. Therefore, it has been difficult to increase the on/off ratio of the transistors.

Patent Document 2 discloses an amorphous oxide represented by Zn_(x)M_(y)In_(z)O_((x+3y/2+3z/2)) (wherein M is at least one element selected from Al and Ga, the ratio x/y is in the range of 0.2 to 12, and the ratio z/y is in the range of 0.4 to 1.4). However, the electron carrier concentration of the amorphous oxide film obtained herein is 10¹⁸/cm³ or more. Although this is sufficient for regular transparent electrodes, the film cannot be easily applied to a channel layer of a TFT. This is because it has been found that a TFT having a channel layer composed of this amorphous oxide film does not exhibit a sufficient on/off ratio and is thus unsuitable for TFT of a normally off type.

-   Patent Document 1: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application     Publication No. 2003-298062 -   Patent Document 2: Japanese Unexamined Patent Application     Publication No. 2000-044236

SUMMARY

An object of the present invention is to provide an amorphous oxide having a low electron carrier concentration and to provide a thin film transistor having a channel layer composed of such an amorphous oxide.

The present invention provides: (1) an amorphous oxide having an electron carrier concentration less than 10¹⁸/cm³. In the present invention, the electron carrier concentration of the amorphous oxide is preferably 10¹⁷/cm³ or less or 10¹⁶/cm³ or less.

The present invention also provides: (2) an amorphous oxide in which electron mobility thereof increases with the electron carrier concentration.

The present invention also provides: (3) the amorphous oxide according to item (1) or (2) above, in which the electron mobility is more than 0.1 cm²/(V·sec).

The present invention also provides: (4) the amorphous oxide according to item (2) or (3) above, exhibiting degenerate conduction. Note that “degenerate conduction” used herein is defined as a state in which the thermal activation energy for temperature dependency of electrical resistance is 30 meV or less.

Another aspect of the present invention provides: (5) the amorphous oxide according to any one of items (1) to (4) above, in which the amorphous oxide is a compound that contains at least one element selected from Zn, In, and Sn as a constituent and is represented by [(Sn_(1-x)M4_(x))O₂]a·[In_(1-y)M3_(y))₂O₃]b.[(Zn_(1-z)M2_(z))O]c (wherein 0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1, 0≤z≤1; x, y, and z are not simultaneously 1; 0≤a≤1, 0≤b≤1, 0≤c≤1, and a+b+c=1; M4 is a group IV element (Si, Ge, or Zr) having an atomic number smaller than that of Sn; M3 is Lu or a group III element (B, Al, Ga, or Y) having an atomic number smaller than that of In; and M2 is a group II element (Mg or Ca) having an atomic number smaller than that of Zn).

In the present invention, the amorphous oxide according (5) above may further contain at least one element selected from group V elements (V, Nb, and Ta) M5 and W.

Another aspect of the present invention provides: (6) a thin film transistor including the amorphous oxide according to any one of (1) to (4) above, in which the amorphous oxide is a single compound represented by [(In_(1-y)M3_(y))₂O₃] [(Zn_(1-x)M2_(x))O]_(m) (wherein 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; x and y are not simultaneously 1; m is zero or a natural number less than 6; M3 is Lu or a group III element (B, Al, Ga, or Y) having an atomic number smaller than that of In; and M2 (Mg or Ca) is a group II element having an atomic number smaller than that of Zn) in a crystallized state or a mixture of the compounds with different values of m. M3 is, for example, Ga, and M2 is, for example Mg.

The present invention also provides the amorphous oxide according to any one of (1) to (6) above formed on a glass substrate, a metal substrate, a plastic substrate, or a plastic film. The present invention also provides a field effect transistor including a channel layer composed of the amorphous oxide described above. The field effect transistor of the present invention is characterized in that the gate insulating film is one of Al₂O₃, Y₂O₃, and HfO₂ or a mixed crystal compound containing at least two of these compounds.

Another aspect of the present invention provides: (7) a transparent semi-insulating amorphous oxide thin film comprising In—Ga—Zn—O, in which the composition in a crystallized state is represented by InGaO₃(ZnO)_(m) (wherein m is a number less than 6 and 0<x≤1), the electron mobility is more than 1 cm²/(V·sec) and the electron carrier concentration is less than 10¹⁸/cm³.

Furthermore, the present invention also provides: (8) a transparent semi-insulating amorphous oxide thin film comprising In—Ga—Zn—Mg—O, in which the composition in a crystallized state is represented by InGaO₃(Zn_(1-x)Mg_(x)O)_(m) (wherein m is a number less than 6 and 0<x≤1), the electron mobility is more than 1 cm²/(V·sec) and the electron carrier concentration is less than 10¹⁸/cm³. Moreover, the present invention also provides a method for forming the transparent semi-insulating amorphous oxide thin film in which an impurity ion for increasing the electrical resistance is not intentionally added and the deposition is conducted in an atmosphere containing oxygen gas.

A thin-film transistor according to another aspect of the present invention includes a source electrode, a drain electrode, a gate electrode a gate insulating film and a channel layer, in which the channel layer contains an amorphous oxide having an electron carrier concentration of less than 10¹⁸/cm³. Preferably, the electron carrier concentration of the amorphous oxide is 10¹⁷/cm³ or less or 10¹⁶/cm³ or less. The amorphous oxide is an oxide containing In, Ga, and Zn, in which the atomic ratio In:Ga:Zn is 1:1:m (m<6). Alternatively, the amorphous oxide is an oxide including In, Ga, Zn, and Mg, in which the atomic ratio In:Ga:Zn_(1x)Mg_(x) is 1:1:m (m<6), wherein 0<x≤1.

The amorphous oxide is selected from In_(x)Ga_(1-x) oxides (0≤x≤1), In_(x)Zn_(1-x) oxides (0.2≤x≤1), In_(x)Sn_(1-x) oxides (0.8≤x≤1), and In_(x)(Zn, Sn)_(1-x) oxides (0.15≤x≤1).

In a thin film transistor of the present invention, a material in which the electron mobility increases with the electron carrier concentration can be used as the amorphous oxide.

According to the present invention, an amorphous oxide having a low electron carrier concentration can be provided, and a thin film transistor including a channel layer composed of such an amorphous oxide can be provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph that shows the relationship between the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition and the electron carrier concentration of an In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous oxide deposited by a pulsed laser deposition method.

FIG. 2 is a graph that shows the relationship between the electron carrier concentration and electron mobility of an In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous oxide film formed by a pulsed laser deposition method.

FIG. 3 is a graph that shows the relationship between the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition and the electrical conductivity of an In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous oxide deposited by a high-frequency sputtering method.

FIGS. 4A-4C are graphs showing changes in electron conductivity, electron carrier concentration, and electron mobility of InGaO₃(Zn_(1-x)Mg_(x)O)₄ deposited by pulsed laser deposition against x.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration showing a structure of a top gate TFT element.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing a current-voltage characteristic of a top gate TFT element.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration showing a pulsed layer deposition device.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration showing a sputter deposition device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An amorphous oxide of the present invention is characterized in that the electron carrier concentration is less than 10¹⁸/cm³. A thin film transistor (TFT) of the present invention is characterized in that an amorphous oxide having an electron carrier concentration less than 10¹⁸/cm³ is used in the channel layer.

For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the TFT is made by forming a channel layer 2 on a substrate 1 and a gate insulating film 3, a gate electrode 4, a source electrode 6, and a drain electrode 5 on the channel layer 2. In this invention, an amorphous oxide having an electron carrier concentration less than 10¹⁸/cm³ is used in the channel layer.

The structure of the TFT to which the present invention can be applied is not limited to the staggered structure (top-gate structure) shown in FIG. 5 in which a gate insulating film and a gate terminal (electrode) are sequentially stacked on a semiconductor channel layer. For example, the TFT may have an inverted staggered structure (bottom-gate structure) in which a gate insulating film and a semiconductor channel layer are sequentially stacked on a gate terminal. The electron carrier concentration mentioned above is a value measured at room temperature. Room temperature is, for example, 25° C. and, in particular, is appropriately selected from the range of about 0° C. to about 40° C.

The electron carrier concentration of the amorphous oxide of the present invention need not be less than 10¹⁸/cm³ all through the range of 0° C. to 40° C. For example, it is sufficient if the carrier electron concentration is less than 10¹⁸/cm³ at 25° C. When the electron carrier concentration is reduced to 10¹⁷/cm³ or less and more preferably to 10¹⁶/cm³ or less, TFTs of a normally off type can be obtained in high yield. The electron carrier concentration can be determined by hall-effect measurement.

In the present invention, “amorphous oxide” is defined as an oxide that shows a halo pattern in an X-ray diffraction spectrum and exhibits no particular diffraction line. The lower limit of the electron carrier concentration of the amorphous oxide of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the oxide can be used as the TFT channel layer. The lower limit is, for example, 10¹²/cm³.

Thus, in the present invention, the starting materials, composition ratio, production conditions, and the like of the amorphous oxide are controlled as in the individual examples described below so as to adjust the electron carrier concentration to 10¹²/cm³ or more but less than 10¹⁸/cm³. Preferably, the electron carrier concentration is adjusted to 10¹³/cm³ to 10¹⁷/cm³, and more preferably 10¹⁵/cm³ to 10¹⁶/cm³.

The electron mobility is preferably 0.1 cm²/(V·sec) or more, more preferably 1 cm²/(V·sec) or more, and most preferably 5 cm²/(V·sec) or more when measured at room temperature. The amorphous oxide exhibits increased electron mobility as the electron carrier concentration increases. The conductivity thereof tends to exhibit degenerate conduction. Degenerate conduction is defined as a state in which the thermal activation energy for temperature dependency of electrical resistance is 30 meV or less.

Starting Materials for Amorphous Oxide

The amorphous oxide of the present invention contains at least one element selected from Zn, In, and Sn as a constituent component and is represented by [(Sn_(1-x)M4_(x))O₂]a.[(In_(1-y)M3_(y))₂O₃]b.[(Zn_(1-z)M2_(z))O]c [0≤x≤1, 0≤y≤1, 0≤z≤1; x, y, and z are not simultaneously 1; 0≤a≤1, 0≤b≤1, 0≤c≤1, and a+b+c=1; M4 is a group IV element (Si, Ge, or Zr) having an atomic number smaller than that of Sn; M3 is Lu or a group III element (B, Al, Ga, or Y) having an atomic number smaller than that of In and M2 is a group II element (Mg or Ca) having an atomic number smaller than that of Zn. The amorphous oxide may further contain at least one element selected from group V elements M5 (V, Nb, and Ta) and W. In this description, the group II, III, IV, and V elements in the periodic table are sometimes referred to as group 2, 3, 4, and 5 elements, respectively; however, the meaning is the same.

The electron carrier concentration can be further decreased by adding at least one element that can form a compound oxide, the at least one element being selected from a group 2 element M2 (M2: Mg or Ca) having an atomic number smaller than that of Zn; Lu and a group 3 element M3 (M3: B, Al, Ga, or Y) having an atomic number smaller than that of In; a group 4 element M4 (M4: Si, Ge, or Zr) having an atomic number smaller than that of Sn; and a group 5 element M5 (M5: V, Nb, and Ta) or W.

The elements M2, M3, and M4 having atomic numbers smaller than those of Zn, In, and Sn, respectively, have higher ionicity than Zn, In and Sn; thus, generation of oxygen defects is less frequent, and the electron carrier concentration can be decreased. Although Lu has a larger atomic number than Ga, the ion radius is small and the ionicity is high, thereby achieving the same functions as those of M3. M5, which is ionized at a valency of 5, strongly bonds to oxygen and rarely causes oxygen defects. Tungsten (W), which is ionized at a valency of 6, strongly bonds to oxygen and rarely causes oxygen defects.

The amorphous oxide applicable to the present invention is a single compound having a composition in a crystallized state represented by [(In_(1-y)M3_(y))₂O₃][(Zn_(1-x)M2_(x))O]_(m) (wherein 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; x and y are not simultaneously 1; m is zero or a number or a natural number less than 6; M3 is Lu or a group 3 element (B, Al, Ga, or Y) having an atomic number smaller than that of In; and M2 is a group 2 element (Mg or Ca) having an atomic number smaller than that of Zn] or a mixture of compounds with different values of m. M3 is, for example, Ga. M2 is, for example, Mg.

The amorphous oxide applicable to the present invention is a unitary, binary, or ternary compound within a triangle with apexes of SnO₂, In₂O₃, and ZnO. Among these three compounds, In₂O₃ has high amorphous formation capacity and can form a completely amorphous phase when In₂O₃ is deposited by a vapor phase method while adding approximately 0.1 Pa of water into the atmosphere.

ZnO and SnO₂ in some cases do not form an amorphous phase by themselves; however, they can form an amorphous phase in the presence of In₂O₃ as a host oxide. In particular, of binary compositions containing two of the above-described three compounds (compositions located on the side of the triangle), the In—Zn—O system can form an amorphous film when In is contained in an amount of about 20 at % or more, and the Sn—In—O system can form an amorphous film when In is contained in an amount of about 80 at % or more by a vapor phase method.

In order to obtain an In—Zn—O amorphous film by a vapor phase method, about 0.1 Pa of steam may be introduced into the atmosphere. In order to obtain an In—Sn—O— system amorphous film by a vapor phase method, about 0.1 Pa of nitrogen gas may be introduced into the atmosphere. For the ternary composition, Sn—In—Zn, containing the three compounds, an amorphous film can be obtained by a vapor phase method when In is contained in an amount of about 15 at % in the above-described composition range. Note that “at %” herein indicates atomic percent with respect to the metal ions other than oxygen ions. In particular, for example, “the In—Zn—O system containing about 20 at % or more of In” is equivalent to In_(x)Zn_(1-x) (x>0.2).

The composition of the amorphous oxide film containing Sn, In, and/or Zn may contain additional elements as described below. In particular, at least one element that forms a compound oxide, the at least one element being selected from a group 2 element M2 (M2: Mg or Ca) having an atomic number smaller than that of Zn, Lu or a group 3 element M3 (M3: B, Al, Ga, or Y) having an atomic number smaller than that of In, and a group 4 element M4 (M4: Si, Ge, or Zr) having an atomic number smaller than that of Sn may be added. The amorphous oxide film of the present invention may further contain at least one element that can form a compound oxide, the at least one element being selected from group 5 elements (M5: V, Nb, and Ta) and W.

Addition of the above-described elements will increase the stability of the amorphous film and expands the composition range that can give an amorphous film. In particular, addition of highly covalent B, Si, or Ge is effective for stabilization of the amorphous phase, and a compound oxide composed of ions with largely different ion radii can stabilize the amorphous phase. For example, in the In—Zn—O system, a stable amorphous film is rarely obtained at room temperature unless the range of In content is more than about 20 at %. However, by adding Mg in an equivalent amount to In, a stable amorphous film can be obtained at an In content of more than about 15 at %.

An example of the amorphous oxide material that can be used in the channel layer of the TFT of the present invention is described next. The amorphous oxide that can be used in the channel layer is, for example, an oxide that contains In, Ga, and Zn at an atomic ratio satisfying In:Ga:Zn=1:1:m, wherein m is a value less than 6. The value of m may be a natural number but is not necessarily a natural number. This applies to “m” referred to in other sections of this description. The atomic ratio can be considered as equivalent to a molar ratio.

A transparent amorphous oxide thin film whose composition in a crystallized state is represented by InGaO₃(ZnO)_(m) (wherein m is a number less than 6) maintains a stable amorphous state at high temperatures not less than 800° C. when the value of m is less than 6. However, as the value of m increases, i.e., as the ratio of ZnO to InGaO₃ increases and the composition approaches to the ZnO composition, the composition tends to be more crystallizable. Thus, the value of m is preferably less than 6 for the channel layer of the amorphous TFT. A desired amorphous oxide can be obtained by adjusting the composition of the target material (e.g., a polycrystalline material) for deposition, such as sputtering deposition or pulsed laser deposition (PLD), to comply with m<6.

In the amorphous oxide described above, Zn in the composition ratio of InGaZn may be replaced by Zn_(1-x)Mg_(x). The possible amount of Mg for replacement is within the range of 0<x≤1. When the replacement with Mg is conducted, the electron mobility of the oxide film decreases compared to a film containing no Mg. However, the extent of decrease is small, and the electron carrier concentration can be decreased compared to when no replacement is conducted. Thus, this is more preferable for the channel layer of a TFT. The amount of Mg for replacement is preferably more than 20% and less than 85% (0.2<x<0.85 in term of x) and more preferably 0.5<x<0.85.

The amorphous oxide may be appropriately selected from In oxides, In_(x)Zn_(1-x) oxides (0.2≤x≤1), In_(x)Sn_(1-x) oxides (0.8≤x≤1), and In_(x)(Zn, Sn)_(1-x) oxides (0.15≤x≤1). The ratio of Zn to Sn in the In_(x)(Zn, Sn)_(1-x) oxides may be appropriately selected. Namely, an In_(x)(Zn, Sn)_(1-x) oxide can be described as In_(x)(Zn_(y)Sn_(1-y))_(1-x) oxide, and y is in the range of 1 to 0. For an In oxide containing neither Zn nor Sn, In may be partly replaced by Ga. In this case, the oxide can be described as an In_(x)Ga_(1-x) oxide (0≤x≤1).

Method for Producing Amorphous Oxide

The amorphous oxide used in the present invention can be prepared by a vapor phase deposition technique under the conditions indicated in the individual examples below. For example, in order to obtain an InGaZn amorphous oxide, deposition is conducted by a vapor phase method such as a sputtering (SP) method, a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, or an electron beam deposition method while using a polycrystalline sinter represented by InGaO₃(ZnO)_(m) as the target. From the standpoint of mass productivity, the sputtering method is most suitable.

During the formation of an In₂O₃ or In—Zn—O amorphous oxide film or the like, oxygen radicals may be added to the atmosphere. Oxygen radicals may be added through an oxygen radical generator. When there is need to increase the electron carrier concentration after the film formation, the film is heated in a reducing atmosphere to increase the electron carrier concentration. The resulting amorphous oxide film with a different electron carrier concentration was analyzed to determine the dependency of the electron mobility on the electron carrier concentration, and the electron mobility increased with the electron carrier concentration.

Substrate

The substrate for forming the TFT of the present invention may be a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, a plastic film, or the like. Moreover, as described below in EXAMPLES, the amorphous oxide of the present invention can be formed into a film at room temperature. Thus, a TFT can be formed on a flexible material such as a PET film. Moreover, the above-mentioned amorphous oxide may be appropriately selected to prepare a TFT from a material that is transparent in visible light not less than 400 nm or infrared light.

Gate Insulating Film

The gate insulating film of the TFT of the present invention is preferably a gate insulating film composed of Al₂O₃, Y₂O₃, HfO₂, or a mixed crystal compound containing at least two of these compounds. When there is a defect at the interface between the gate insulating thin film and the channel layer thin film, the electron mobility decreases and hysteresis occurs in the transistor characteristics. Moreover, leak current greatly differs according to the type of the gate insulating film. Therefore, a gate insulating film suitable for the channel layer must be selected.

Use of an Al₂O₃ film can decrease the leak current. Use of an Y₂O₃ film can reduce the hysteresis. Use of a high dielectric constant HfO₂ film can increase the field effect mobility. By using a film composed of a mixed crystal of these compounds, a TFT having small leak current and hysteresis and large field effect mobility can be produced. the process for forming the gate insulating film and the process for forming the channel layer can be conducted at room temperature; thus, a TFT of a staggered or inverted staggered structure can be formed.

Transistor

When a field effect transistor includes a channel layer composed of an amorphous oxide film having an electron carrier concentration of less than 10¹⁸/cm³, a source terminal, a drain terminal, and a gate terminal disposed on the gate insulating film, the current between the source and drain terminals can be adjusted to about 10⁻⁷ A when a voltage of about 5V is applied between the source and drain terminals without application of a gate voltage. The theoretical lower limit of the electron carrier concentration is 10⁵/cm³ or less assuming that the electrons in the valence band are thermally excited. The actual possibility is that the lower limit is about 10¹²/cm³.

When Al₂O₃, Y₂O₃, or HfO₂ alone or a mixed crystal compound containing at least two of these compounds is used in the gate insulating layer, the leak voltage between the source gate terminals and the leak voltage between the drain and gate terminals can be adjusted to about 10⁻⁷ A, and a normally off transistor can be realized.

The electron mobility of the oxide crystals increases as the overlap of the s orbits of the metal ion increases. The oxide crystals of Zn, In, and Sn having large atomic numbers exhibit high electron mobility of 0.1 to 200 cm²/(V·sec). Since ionic bonds are formed between oxygen and metal ions in an oxide, electron mobility substantially comparable to that in a crystallized state can be exhibited in an amorphous state in which there is no directionality of chemical bonding, the structure is random, and the directions of the bonding are nonuniform. In contrast, by replacing Zn, In, and Sn each with an element having a smaller atomic number, the electron mobility can be decreased. Thus, by using the amorphous oxide described above, the electron mobility can be controlled within the range of about 0.01 cm²/(V·sec) to 20 cm²/(V·sec).

In a typical compound, the electron mobility decreases as the carrier concentration increases due to the dispersion between the carriers. In contrast, the amorphous oxide of the present invention exhibits increased electron mobility with the increasing electron carrier concentration. The physical principle that lies behind this phenomenon is not clearly identified.

Once a voltage is applied to the gate terminal, electrons are injected into the amorphous oxide channel layer, and current flows between the source and drain terminals, thereby allowing the part between the source and drain terminals to enter an ON state. According to the amorphous oxide film of the present invention, since the electron mobility increases with the electron carrier concentration, the current that flows when the transistor is turned ON can be further increased. In other words, the saturation current and the on/off ratio can be further increased. When the amorphous oxide film having high electron mobility is used as the channel layer of a TFT, the saturation current can be increased and the switching rate of the TFT can be increased, thereby achieving high-speed operation.

For example, when the electron mobility is about 0.01 cm²/(V·sec), the material can be used in a channel layer of a TFT for driving a liquid crystal display element. By using an amorphous oxide film having an electron mobility of about 0.1 cm²/(V·sec), a TFT that has performance comparable or superior to the TFT using an amorphous silicon film and that can drive a display element for moving images can be produced.

In order to realize a TFT that requires large current, e.g., for driving a current-driven organic light-emitting diode, the electron mobility is preferably more than 1 cm²/(V·sec). Note than when the amorphous oxide of the present invention that exhibits degenerate conduction is used in the channel layer, the current that flows at a high carrier concentration, i.e., the saturation current of the transistor, shows decreased dependency on temperature, and a TFT with superior temperature characteristics can be realized.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Preparation of Amorphous In—Ga—Zn—O Thin Film by PLD Method

A film was formed in a PLD device shown in FIG. 7. In the drawing, reference numeral 701 denotes a rotary pump (RP), 702 denotes a turbo molecular pump (TMP), 703 denotes a preparation chamber, 704 denotes en electron gun for RHEED, 705 denotes a substrate holder for rotating and vertically moving the substrate, 706 denotes a laser entrance window, 707 denotes a substrate, 708 denotes a target, 709 denotes a radical source, 710 denotes a gas inlet, 711 denotes a target holder for rotating and vertically moving the target, 712 denotes a by-pass line, 713 denotes a main line, 714 denotes a turbo molecular pump (TMP), 715 denotes a rotary pump (RP), 716 denotes a titanium getter pump, and 717 denotes a shutter. In the drawing, 718 denotes ionization gauge (IG), 719 denotes a Pirani gauge (PG), 720 denotes a Baratron gauge (BG), and 721 denotes a deposition chamber.

An In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous oxide semiconductor thin film was formed on a SiO₂ glass substrate (#1737 produced by Corning) by a pulsed laser deposition method using a KrF excimer laser. As the pre-deposition treatment, the substrate was degreased with ultrasonic waves in acetone, ethanol, and ultrapure water for 5 minutes each, and then dried in air at 100° C.

An InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ sinter target (size: 20 mm in dia., 5 mm in thickness) was used as the polycrystalline target. This target was prepared by wet-mixing the starting materials, In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO (each being a 4N reagent), in a solvent (ethanol), calcining (1000° C., 2 h) the resulting mixture, dry-milling the calcined mixture, and sintering the resulting mixture (1550° C., 2 h). The electrical conductivity of the target obtained was 90 (S/cm).

The ultimate vacuum of the deposition chamber was adjusted to 2×10⁻⁶ (Pa), and the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition was controlled to 6.5 (Pa) to form a film. The oxygen partial pressure inside the chamber 721 was 6.5 Pa, and the substrate temperature was 25° C. The distance between the target 708 and the substrate 707 for deposition was 30 (mm). The power of the KrF excimer laser entering from the entrance window 706 was in the range of 1.5 to 3 (mJ/cm²/pulse). The pulse width was 20 (nsec), the repetition frequency was 10 (Hz), and the beam spot diameter was 1×1 (mm square). A film was formed at a deposition rate of 7 (nm/min).

The resulting thin film was subjected to grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (thin film method, incident angle: 0.5°), but no clear diffraction peak was observed. Thus, the In—Ga—Zn—O thin film obtained was assumed to be amorphous. The X-ray reflectance was determined, and the pattern was analyzed. It was observed that the root mean square roughness (Rrms) of the thin film was about 0.5 nm, and the film thickness was about 120 nm. The results of the fluorescence X-ray showed that the metal composition ratio of the thin film was In:Ga:Zn=0.98:1.02:4. The electrical conductivity was less than about 10⁻² S/cm. The electron carrier concentration and the electron mobility were presumably about 10¹⁶/cm³ or less and about 5 cm²/(V·sec), respectively.

Based on the analysis of the optical absorption spectrum, the energy width of the forbidden band of the amorphous thin film prepared was determined to be about 3 eV. Based on these values, it was found that the In—Ga—Zn—O thin film had an amorphous phase close to the composition of the crystals of InGaO₃(ZnO)₄, had fewer oxygen defects, and was a flat, transparent thin film with low electrical conductivity.

Specific description is now presented with reference to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows a change in electron carrier concentration of the oxide formed into a film against changes in oxygen partial pressure when an In—Ga—Zn—O transparent amorphous oxide thin film represented by InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ in an assumed crystal state is formed under the same conditions as in this EXAMPLE.

As shown in FIG. 1, the electron carrier concentration decreased to less than 10¹⁸/cm³ when the film was formed in an atmosphere at a high oxygen partial pressure of more than 4.5 Pa under the same conditions as this example. In this case, the temperature of the substrate was maintained substantially at room temperature without intentional heating. The substrate temperature is preferably less than 100° C. when a flexible plastic film is used as the substrate.

By further increasing the oxygen partial pressure, the electron carrier concentration was further decreased. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the number of the electron carriers of the InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ thin film deposited at a substrate temperature of 25° C. and an oxygen partial pressure of 5 Pa decreased to 10¹⁶/cm³.

The thin film obtained had an electron mobility exceeding 1 cm²/(V·sec), as shown in FIG. 2. However, according to the pulsed laser deposition method of the present invention, the surface of the film deposited will have irregularities at an oxygen partial pressure of 6.5 Pa or more, and thus, it is difficult to use the thin film as a channel layer of a TFT. Therefore, by using an In—Ga—Zn—O transparent amorphous oxide thin film having a composition of InGaO₃(ZnO)_(m) (m is less than 6) in a crystal state prepared by a pulsed laser deposition method in an atmosphere having an oxygen partial pressure exceeding 4.5 Pa, preferably exceeding 5 Pa, but less than 6.5 Pa, a normally off transistor can be prepared.

The electron mobility of this thin film was more than 1 cm²/(V·sec), and the on/off ratio thereof was increased to over 10³. As is described above, in forming an InGaZn oxide film by a PLD method under the conditions set forth in this example, the oxygen partial pressure is preferably controlled to not less than 4.5 Pa but less than 6.5 Pa. Whether an electron carrier concentration of 10¹⁸/cm³ is realized depends on the conditions of the oxygen partial pressure, the configuration of the deposition device, the materials for deposition, the composition, and the like.

Next, in the above-described device at an oxygen partial pressure of 6.5 Pa, an amorphous oxide was made and a top-gate MISFET element shown in FIG. 5 was formed. In particular, a semi-insulating amorphous InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ film having a thickness of 120 nm for use as a channel layer (2) was formed on a glass substrate (1) by the above-described method for making the amorphous In—Ga—Zn—O thin film.

On this film, InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ having a high electrical conductivity and a gold film each 30 nm in thickness were deposited by a pulsed laser deposition method while controlling the oxygen partial pressure inside the chamber to less than 1 Pa. A drain terminal (5) and a source terminal (6) were formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method.

Lastly, an Y₂O₃ film (thickness: 90 nm, relative dielectric constant: about 15, leak current density: 10⁻³ A/cm² upon application of 0.5 MV/cm) for use as a gate insulating film (3) was deposited by an electron beam deposition method, and gold was deposited on the Y₂O₃ film. A gate terminal (4) was formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method.

Evaluation of Characteristics of MISFET Element

FIG. 6 shows the current-voltage characteristics of MISFET elements measured at room temperature. Since the drain current I_(DS) increased with the drain voltage V_(DS), the channel was proved to be an n-type semiconductor. This is consistent with the fact that the amorphous In—Ga—Zn—O semiconductor is of an n-type. I_(DS) was saturated (pinch-off) at V_(DS)=about 6 V, which was a typical behavior for semiconductor transistors. The gain characteristic was determined, and the threshold value of the gate voltage V_(GS) when V_(DS)=4 V was applied was about −0.5 V. Upon application of V_(G)=10 V, current of I_(DS)=1.0≤x≤10⁻⁵ A flowed. This is because carriers were induced in the In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous semiconductor thin film, i.e., an insulator, due to the gate bias. The on/off ratio of the transistor exceeded 10³. The field effect mobility was determined from the output characteristics. As a result, a field effect mobility of about 7 cm²(Vs)⁻¹ was obtained in the saturation region.

The same measurements were carried out on the element while irradiating the element with visible light, but no change in transistor characteristics was observed. According to the present example, a thin film transistor having a channel layer exhibiting a low electron carrier concentration, a high electrical resistance, and high electron mobility can be realized. Note that the above-described amorphous oxide showed excellent characteristics in that the electron mobility increased with the electron carrier concentration and that degenerate conduction was exhibited.

In this example, the thin film transistor was formed on the glass substrate. Since the film can be formed at room temperature, a substrate such as a plastic board or a film can be used. The amorphous oxide obtained in this example absorbs little visible light; thus, a transparent, flexible TFT can be made.

Example 2: Formation of Amorphous InGaO₃(ZnO) and InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ Oxide Films by PLD Method

In—Zn—Ga—O amorphous oxide films were deposited on glass substrates (#1737 produced by Corning) by using polycrystalline sinters represented by InGaO₃(ZnO) and InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ as the targets by a PLD method using KrF excimer laser. The same PLD deposition device as shown in EXAMPLE 1 was used, and the deposition was conducted under the same conditions. The substrate temperature during the deposition was 25° C.

Each film obtained thereby was subjected to grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (thin film method, incident angle: 0.5°) for the film surface. No clear diffraction peak was detected. The In—Zn—Ga—O films prepared from the two targets were both amorphous.

The In—Zn—Ga—O amorphous oxide films on the glass substrates were each analyzed to determine the x-ray reflectance. Analysis of the pattern found that the root mean average roughness (Rrms) of the thin film was about 0.5 mm and that the thickness was about 120 nm. Fluorescence x-ray analysis (XRF) showed that the ratio of the metal atoms of the film obtained from the target composed of the polycrystalline sinter represented by InGaO₃(ZnO) was In:Ga:Zn=1.1:1.1:0.9 and that the ratio of the metal atoms of the film obtained from the target composed of the polycrystalline sinter represented by InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ was In:Ga:Zn=0.98:1.02:4.

The electron carrier concentration of the amorphous oxide film obtained from the target composed of the polycrystalline sinter represented by InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ was measured while changing the oxygen partial pressure of the atmosphere during the deposition. The results are shown in FIG. 1. By forming the film in the atmosphere having an oxygen partial pressure exceeding 4.5 Pa, the electron carrier concentration could be decreased to less than 10¹⁸/cm³. In this case, the temperature of the substrate was maintained substantially at room temperature without intentional heating. When the oxygen partial pressure was less than 6.5 Pa, the surface of the amorphous oxide film obtained was flat.

When the oxygen partial pressure was 5 Pa, the electron carrier concentration and the electrical conductivity of the amorphous oxide film obtained from the target composed of the polycrystalline sinter represented by InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ were 10¹⁶/cm³ and 10⁻² S/cm, respectively. The electron mobility was presumably about 5 cm²/(V·sec). Based on the analysis of the optical absorption spectrum, the energy width of the forbidden band of the amorphous thin film prepared was determined to be about 3 eV. The electron carrier concentration could be further decreased as the oxygen partial pressure was increased from 5 Pa.

As shown in FIG. 1, the In—Zn—Ga—O amorphous oxide film deposited at a substrate temperature of 25° C. and an oxygen partial pressure of 6 Pa exhibited a decreased electron carrier concentration of 8×10¹⁵/cm³ (electrical conductivity: about 8×10⁻³ S/cm). The resulting film was assumed to have an electron mobility of more than 1 cm²/(V·sec). However, according to the PLD method, irregularities were formed in the surface of the film deposited at an oxygen partial pressure of 6.5 Pa or more, and thus it was difficult to use the film as the channel layer of the TFT.

The relationship between the electron carrier concentration and the electron mobility of the In—Zn—Ga—O amorphous oxide film prepared from the target composed of the polycrystalline sinter represented by InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ at different oxygen partial pressures was investigated. The results are shown in FIG. 2. When the electron carrier concentration increased from 10¹⁶/cm³ to 10²⁰/cm³, the electron mobility increased from about 3 cm²/(V·sec) to about 11 cm²/(V·sec). The same tendency was observed for the amorphous oxide film prepared from the target composed of the polycrystalline sinter represented by InGaO₃(ZnO).

An In—Zn—Ga—O amorphous oxide film formed on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film having a thickness of 200 μm instead of the glass substrate also showed similar characteristics.

Example 3: Formation of In—Zn—Ga—O Amorphous Oxide Film by SP Method

Formation of a film by a high-frequency SP method using argon gas as the atmosphere gas is described. The SP method was conducted using the device shown in FIG. 8. In the drawing, reference numeral 807 denotes a substrate for deposition, 808 denotes a target, 805 denotes a substrate holder equipped with a cooling mechanism, 814 denotes a turbo molecular pump, 815 denotes a rotary pump, 817 denotes a shutter, 818 denotes an ionization gauge, 819 denotes a Pirani gauge, 821 denotes a deposition chamber, and 830 denotes a gate valve. A SiO₂ glass substrate (#1737 produced by Corning) was used as the substrate 807 for deposition. As the pre-deposition treatment, the substrate was degreased with ultrasonic waves in acetone, ethanol, and ultrapure water for 5 minutes each, and then dried in air at 100° C.

An InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ polycrystalline sinter (size: 20 mm in dia., 5 mm in thickness) was used as the target material. The sinter was prepared by wet-mixing the starting materials, In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO (each being a 4N reagent), in a solvent (ethanol), calcining (1000° C., 2 h) the resulting mixture, dry-milling the calcined mixture, and sintering the resulting mixture (1550° C., 2 h). The target 808 had an electrical conductivity of 90 (S/cm) and was in a semi-insulating state.

The ultimate vacuum inside the deposition chamber 821 was 1×10⁻⁴ (Pa). The total pressure of the oxygen gas and the argon gas during the deposition was controlled at a predetermined value within the range of 4 to 0.1×10⁻¹ (Pa), and the oxygen partial pressure was changed in the range of 10⁻³ to 2×10⁻¹ (Pa) by changing the partial pressure ratio of the argon gas and oxygen. The substrate temperature was room temperature, and the distance between the target 808 and the substrate 807 for deposition was 30 (mm). The current injected was RF 180 W, and the deposition rate was 10 (nm/min).

The resulting film was subjected to grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (thin film method, incident angle=0.5°) for the film surface, but no clear diffraction peak was observed. Thus, the In—Zn—Ga—O thin film obtained was proved to be amorphous. The X-ray reflectance was determined, and the pattern was analyzed. It was observed that the root mean square roughness (Rrms) of the thin film was about 0.5 nm, and the film thickness was about 120 nm. The results of the fluorescence X-ray showed that the metal composition ratio of the thin film was In:Ga:Zn=0.98:1.02:4.

The electrical conductivity of the amorphous oxide film obtained by changing the oxygen partial pressure in the atmosphere during the deposition was measured. The results are shown in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 3, the electrical conductivity could be decreased to less than 10 S/cm by forming the film in an atmosphere at a high oxygen partial pressure exceeding 3×10⁻² Pa.

By further increasing the oxygen partial pressure, the number of electron carriers could be decreased. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the electrical conductivity of an InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ thin film deposited at a substrate temperature of 25° C. and an oxygen partial pressure of 10⁻¹ Pa was decreased to about 10⁻¹⁰ S/cm. An InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ thin film deposited at an oxygen partial pressure exceeding 10⁻¹ Pa had excessively high electrical resistance and thus the electrical conductivity thereof could not be measured. However, extrapolation was conducted for the value observed from a film having a high electron carrier concentration, and the electron mobility was assumed to be about 1 cm²/(V·sec).

In short, a normally off transistor having an on/off ratio exceeding 103 could be made by using a transparent amorphous oxide thin film which was composed of In—Ga—Zn—O prepared by a sputter deposition method in argon gas atmosphere at an oxygen partial pressure more than 3×10-2 Pa, preferably more than 5×10-1 Pa, and which was represented by InGaO3(ZnO)4 (m is a natural number less than 6) in a crystallized state.

When the device and starting materials set forth in this example are used, the oxygen partial pressure during the sputter deposition is, for example, in the range of 3×10⁻² Pa to 5×10⁻¹ Pa. The electron mobility of the thin films prepared by the pulsed laser deposition method and the sputtering method increases with the number of the conduction electrons, as shown in FIG. 2.

As described above, by controlling the oxygen partial pressure, oxygen defects can be reduced, and therefore the electron carrier concentration can be reduced. Unlike in the polycrystalline state, in the amorphous state, there is essentially no grain interface; therefore, an amorphous thin film with high electron mobility can be obtained. Note that when a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film having a thickness of 200 μm was used instead of the glass substrate, the resulting InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ amorphous oxide thin film exhibited similar characteristics.

Example 4: Formation of In—Zn—Ga—Mg—O Amorphous Oxide Film by PLD Method

Formation of an InGaO₃(Zn_(1-x)Mg_(x)O)₄ film (0<x<1) on a glass substrate by a PLD method is described. The same deposition device shown in FIG. 7 was used as the deposition device. A SiO₂ glass substrate (#1737 produced by Corning) was prepared as the substrate for deposition. As the pre-deposition treatment, the substrate was degreased with ultrasonic waves in acetone, ethanol, and ultrapure water for 5 minutes each, and then dried in air at 100° C.

An InGa(Zn_(1-x)Mg_(x)O)₄ (0<x<1) sinter (size: 20 mm in dia., 5 mm in thickness) was used as the target. The target was prepared by wet-mixing the starting materials, In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO:MgO (each being a 4N reagent), in a solvent (ethanol), calcining (1000° C., 2 h) the resulting mixture, dry-milling the calcined mixture, and sintering the resulting mixture (1550° C., 2 h).

The ultimate vacuum inside the deposition chamber was 2×10⁻⁶ (Pa), and the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition was 0.8 (Pa). The substrate temperature was room temperature (25° C.), and the distance between the target and the substrate for deposition was 30 (mm). The power of the KrF excimer laser was 1.5 (mJ/cm²/pulse), the pulse width was 20 (nsec), the repetition frequency was 10 (Hz), and the beam spot diameter was 1×1 (mm square). The deposition rate was 7 (nm/min).

The resulting film was subjected to grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (thin film method, incident angle: 0.5°) for the film surface, but no clear diffraction peak was observed. Thus, the In—Zn—Ga—Mg—O thin film obtained was proved to be amorphous. The surface of the resulting film was flat.

The dependency on the value x of the electrical conductivity, electron carrier concentration, and electron mobility of In—Zn—Ga—Mg—O amorphous oxide films deposited in atmosphere at an oxygen partial pressure of 0.8 Pa was investigated by using targets of different x values. Note that a high-resistance amorphous InGaO₃(Zn_(1-x)Mg_(x)O)_(m) film could be obtained at an oxygen partial pressure of less than 1 Pa as long as the polycrystalline InGaO₃(Zn_(1-x)Mg_(x)O)_(m) (m is a natural number less than 6; 0<x≤1) was used as the target.

The results are shown in FIG. 4. The results showed that the electron carrier concentration of an amorphous oxide film deposited by a PLD method in an atmosphere at an oxygen partial pressure of 0.8 Pa could be reduced to less than 10¹⁸/cm³ when the value x was more than 0.4. The electron mobility of the amorphous oxide film with x exceeding 0.4 was more than 1 cm²/(V·sec). As shown in FIG. 4, when a target in which Zn was substituted with 80 at % Mg was used, the electron carrier concentration of the film obtained by the pulsed laser deposition method in an atmosphere at an oxygen partial pressure of 0.8 Pa could be reduced to less than 10¹⁶/cm³.

Although the electron mobility of these films is low compared to that of Mg-free films, the degree of decrease is small, while the electron mobility at room temperature is about 5 cm²/(V·sec), i.e., higher than that of amorphous silicon by one order of magnitude. When deposition is conducted under the same conditions, the electrical conductivity and the electron mobility both decrease with an increase in Mg content. Thus, the Mg content is preferably more than 20 at % but less than 85 at % (0.2<x<0.85 in terms of x), and more preferably 0.5<x<0.85.

An InGaO₃(Zn_(1-x)Mg_(x)O)₄ (0<x<1) amorphous oxide film formed on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film having a thickness of 200 μm instead of the glass substrate also showed similar characteristics.

Example 5: Formation of In₂O₃ Amorphous Oxide Film by PLD

Formation of an indium oxide film is now described. The deposition device shown in FIG. 7 was used as the deposition device. A SiO₂ glass substrate (#1737 produced by Corning) was prepared as the substrate for deposition. As the pre-deposition treatment, the substrate was degreased with ultrasonic waves in acetone, ethanol, and ultrapure water for 5 minutes each, and then dried in air at 100° C.

An In₂O₃ sinter (size: 20 mm in dia., 5 mm in thickness) was used as the target. The target was prepared by calcining the starting material In₂O₃ (a 4N reagent) (1000° C., 2 h), dry milling the calcined material, and sintering the resulting material (1550° C., 2 h).

The ultimate vacuum inside the deposition chamber was 2×10⁻⁶ (Pa), and the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition was 5 (Pa). The steam partial pressure was 0.1 (Pa), and 200 W was applied to the oxygen radical generator to produce oxygen radicals. The substrate temperature was room temperature. The distance between the target and the substrate for deposition was 40 (mm). The power of the KrF excimer laser was 0.5 (mJ/cm²/pulse), the pulse width was 20 (nsec), the repetition frequency was 10 (Hz), and the beam spot diameter was 1×1 (mm square). The deposition rate was 3 (nm/min).

The resulting film was subjected to grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (thin film method, incident angle: 0.5°) for the film surface, but no clear diffraction peak was observed. Thus, the In—O thin film obtained was proved to be amorphous. The film thickness was 80 nm. The electron carrier concentration and the electron mobility of the In—O amorphous oxide film obtained were 5×10¹⁷/cm³ and about 7 cm²/(V·sec), respectively.

Example 6: Formation of In—Sn—O Amorphous Oxide Film by PLD

Deposition of an In—Sn—O amorphous oxide film having a thickness of 200 μm by a PLD method is described. A SiO₂ glass substrate (#1737 produced by Corning) was prepared as the substrate for deposition. As the pre-deposition treatment, the substrate was degreased with ultrasonic waves in acetone, ethanol, and ultrapure water for 5 minutes each, and then dried in air at 100° C.

An In₂O₃—SnO₂ sinter (size: 20 mm in dia., 5 mm in thickness) was prepared as the target by wet-mixing the starting materials, In₂O₃—SnO₂ (a 4N reagent), in a solvent (ethanol), calcining the resulting mixture (1000° C., 2 h), dry milling the calcined mixture, and sintering the resulting mixture (1550° C., 2 h). The composition of the target was (In_(0.9)Sn_(0.1))₂O_(3.1) polycrystal.

The ultimate vacuum inside the deposition chamber was 2×10⁻⁶ (Pa), the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition was 5 (Pa), and the nitrogen partial pressure was 0.1 (Pa). Then 200 W is applied to the oxygen radical generator to produce oxygen radicals. The substrate temperature during the deposition was room temperature. The distance between the target and the substrate for deposition was 30 (mm). The power of the KrF excimer laser was 1.5 (mJ/cm²/pulse), the pulse width was 20 (nsec), the repetition frequency was 10 (Hz), and the beam spot diameter was 1×1 (mm square).

The deposition rate was 6 (nm/min). The resulting film was subjected to grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (thin film method, incident angle: 0.5°) for the film surface, but no clear diffraction peak was observed. Thus, the In—Sn—O thin film obtained was proved to be amorphous. The electron carrier concentration and the electron mobility of the In—Sn—O amorphous oxide film obtained were 8×10¹⁷/cm³ and about 5 cm²/(V·sec), respectively. The film thickness was 100 nm.

Example 7: Formation of In—Ga—O Amorphous Oxide Film by PLD Method

Deposition of an indium gallium oxide is described next. A SiO₂ glass substrate (#1737 produced by Corning) was prepared as the substrate for deposition. As the pre-deposition treatment, the substrate was degreased with ultrasonic waves in acetone, ethanol, and ultrapure water for 5 minutes each, and then dried in air at 100° C.

A (In₂O₃)_(1-x)—(Ga₂O₃)_(x) (x=0 to 1) sinter was prepared as the target (size: 20 mm in dia., 5 mm in thickness). For example, when x=0.1, the target was an (In_(0.9)Ga_(0.1))₂O₃ polycrystalline sinter. This target was obtained by wet-mixing the starting materials, In₂O₃—Ga₂O₃ (4N reagent), in a solvent (ethanol), calcining the resulting mixture (1000° C., 2 h), dry-milling the calcined mixture, and sintering the resulting mixture (1550° C., 2 h).

The ultimate vacuum inside the deposition chamber was 2×10⁻⁶ (Pa), and the oxygen partial pressure during the deposition was 1 (Pa). The substrate temperature during the deposition was room temperature. The distance between the target and the substrate for deposition was 30 (mm). The power of the KrF excimer laser was 1.5 (mJ/cm²/pulse), the pulse width was 20 (nsec), the repetition frequency was 10 (Hz), and the beam spot diameter was 1×1 (mm square). The deposition rate was 6 (nm/min).

The resulting film was subjected to grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (thin film method, incident angle: 0.5°) for the film surface, but no clear diffraction peak was observed. Thus, the In—Ga—O thin film obtained was proved to be amorphous. The film thickness was 120 nm. The electron carrier concentration and the electron mobility of the In—Ga—O amorphous oxide film obtained were 8×10¹⁶/cm³ and about 1 cm²/(V·sec), respectively.

Example 8: Preparation of TFT Element (Glass Substrate) Using In—Zn—Ga—O Amorphous Oxide Film

Atop-gate TFT element shown in FIG. 5 was prepared. First, an In—Zn—Ga—O amorphous film 120 nm in thickness for use as a channel layer (2) was formed on a glass substrate (1) by a method of preparing the In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous oxide film according to EXAMPLE 2 at an oxygen partial pressure of 5 Pa while using a polycrystalline sinter represented by InGaO₃(ZnO)₄ as the target.

An In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous film having high electrical conductivity and a gold film each 30 nm in thickness were deposited on the In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous film by a PLD method while controlling the oxygen partial pressure inside the chamber to less than 1 Pa, and a drain terminal (5) and a source terminal (6) were formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method.

Lastly, an Y₂O₃ film (thickness: 90 nm, relative dielectric constant: about 15, leak current density: 10⁻³ A/cm² upon application of 0.5 MV/cm) for use as a gate insulating film (3) was formed by an electron beam deposition method, and gold was deposited on the Y₂O₃ film. A gate terminal (4) was formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method. The channel length was 50 μm and the channel width was 200 μm.

Evaluation of Characteristics of TFT Element

FIG. 6 shows the current-voltage characteristic of the TFT element measured at room temperature. Since the drain current I_(DS) increased with the drain voltage V_(DS), the channel was found to be of an n-conductivity type. This is consistent with the fact that the amorphous In—Ga—Zn—O oxide film is an n-type conductor. I_(DS) was saturated (pinch-off) at about V_(DS)=6 V, which was a typical behavior for semiconductor transistors. The gain characteristic was determined, and the threshold value of the gate voltage V_(GS) when V_(DS)=4 V was applied was about −0.5 V. Upon application of V_(G)=10 V, current of I_(ds)=1.0×10⁻⁵ A flowed. This is because carriers were induced in the In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous semiconductor thin film, i.e., an insulator, due to the gate bias. The on/off ratio of the transistor exceeded 10³. The field effect mobility was determined from the output characteristics. As a result, a field effect mobility of about 7 cm²(Vs)⁻¹ was obtained in the saturation region.

The same measurements were carried out on the element while irradiating the element with visible light, but no change in transistor characteristics was observed. Note that the film can be used as a channel layer of a TFT by controlling the electron carrier concentration of the amorphous oxide to less than 10¹⁸/cm³. An electron carrier concentration of 10¹⁷/cm³ or less was more preferable, and an electron carrier density of 10¹⁶/cm³ or less was yet more preferable.

Example 9: Preparation of TFT Element Using In—Zn—Ga—O Amorphous Oxide Film

A top-gate TFT element shown in FIG. 5 was prepared. In particular, an In—Zn—Ga—O amorphous oxide film 120 nm in thickness for use as a channel layer (2) was formed on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film (1) by a deposition method of EXAMPLE 2 in an atmosphere at an oxygen partial pressure of 5 Pa using a polycrystalline sinter represented by InGaO₃(ZnO) as the target.

An In—Zn—Ga—O amorphous oxide film having high electrical conductivity and a gold film each 30 nm in thickness were deposited on the In—Zn—Ga—O amorphous oxide film by the PLD method at an oxygen partial pressure inside the chamber of less than 1 Pa, and a drain terminal (5) and a source terminal (6) were formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method.

Lastly, a gate insulating film (3) was formed by an electron beam deposition method and gold is deposited thereon. A gate terminal (4) was then formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method. The channel length was 50 μm and the channel width was 200 μm. Three types of TFTs with the above-described structure were prepared using Y₂O₃ (thickness: 140 nm), Al₂O₃ (thickness: 130 nm) and HfO₂ (thickness: 140 nm), respectively.

Evaluation of Characteristics of TFT Element

The current-voltage characteristic of the TFT element measured at room temperature was similar to one shown in FIG. 6. Namely, since the drain current I_(DS) increased with the drain voltage V_(DS), the channel was found to be of an n-conductivity type. This is consistent with the fact that the amorphous In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous oxide film is an n-type conductor. I_(DS) was saturated (pinch-off) at V_(DS)=about 6 V, which was a typical behavior for semiconductor transistors. When V_(g)=0 V, current of I_(ds)=10⁻⁸ A flowed, and when V_(g)=10 V, current of I_(ds)=2.0≤x≤10⁻⁵ A flowed. This is because carriers were induced in the In—Ga—Zn—O amorphous oxide thin film, i.e., an insulator, due to the gate bias. The on/off ratio of the transistor exceeded 10³. The field effect mobility was determined from the output characteristics. As a result, a field effect mobility of about 7 cm²(Vs)⁻¹ was obtained in the saturation region.

The element formed on the PET film was inflected at a radius of curvature of 30 mm, and the same transistor characteristic was measured. No change in transistor characteristic was observed.

The TFT including the gate insulating film made from the Al₂O₃ film also showed similar transistor characteristics to those shown in FIG. 6. When V_(g)=0 V, current of I_(ds)=10⁻⁸ A flowed, and when V_(g)=10 V, current of I_(ds)=5.0×10⁻⁶ A flowed. The on/off ratio of the transistor exceeded 10². The field effect mobility was determined from the output characteristics. As a result, a field effect mobility of about 2 cm²(Vs)⁻¹ was obtained in the saturation region.

The TFT including the gate insulating film made from the HfO₂ film also showed similar transistor characteristics to those shown in FIG. 6. When V_(g)=0 V, current of I_(ds)=10⁻⁸ A flowed, and when V_(g)=10 V, current of I_(ds)=1.0×10⁻⁶ A flowed. The on/off ratio of the transistor exceeded 10². The field effect mobility was determined from the output characteristics. As a result, a field effect mobility of about 10 cm²(Vs)⁻¹ was obtained in the saturation region.

Example 10: Preparation of TFT Element Using In₂O₃ Amorphous Oxide Film by PLD Method

A top-gate TFT element shown in FIG. 5 was prepared. First, an In₂O₃ amorphous oxide film 80 nm in thickness for use as a channel layer (2) was formed on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film (1) by the deposition method of EXAMPLE 5.

An In₂O₃ amorphous oxide film having high electrical conductivity and a gold layer each 30 nm in thickness were formed on this In₂O₃ amorphous oxide film by the PLD method at an oxygen partial pressure inside the chamber of less than 1 Pa while applying zero voltage to the oxygen radical generator. A drain terminal (5) and a source terminal (6) were then formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method.

Lastly, an Y₂O₃ film for use as a gate insulating film (3) was formed by an electron beam deposition method, and gold was deposited on the Y₂O₃ film. A gate terminal (4) was formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method.

Evaluation of Characteristics of TFT Element

The current-voltage characteristics of the TFT element formed on the PET film were measured at room temperature. Since the drain current I_(DS) increased with the drain voltage V_(DS), the channel was found to be of an n-conductivity type. This is consistent with the fact that the amorphous In—O amorphous oxide film is an n-type conductor. I_(DS) was saturated (pinch-off) at V_(DS)=about 5 V, which was a typical behavior for semiconductor transistors. When V_(g)=0 V, current of 2×10⁻⁸ A flowed, and when V_(g)=10 V, current I_(ds)=2.0×10⁻⁶ A flowed. This is because carriers were induced in the In—O amorphous oxide thin film, i.e., an insulator, due to the gate bias. The on/off ratio of the transistor was about 10². The field effect mobility was determined from the output characteristics. As a result, a field effect mobility of about 10 cm²(Vs)⁻¹ was obtained in the saturation region.

The TFT element formed on a glass substrate showed similar characteristics. The element formed on the PET film was inflected at a radius of curvature of 30 mm, and the same transistor characteristics were measured. No change in transistor characteristics was observed.

Example 11: Preparation of TFT Element Using In—Sn—O Amorphous Oxide Film by PLD Method

A top gate TFT element shown in FIG. 5 was prepared. In particular, an In—Sn—O amorphous oxide film 100 nm in thickness for use as a channel layer (2) was formed on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film (1) by a deposition method of EXAMPLE 6.

An In—Sn—O amorphous oxide film having high electrical conductivity and a gold film each 30 nm in thickness were deposited on this In—Sn—O amorphous oxide film by the PLD method at an oxygen partial pressure inside the chamber of less than 1 Pa while applying zero voltage to the oxygen radical generator. A drain terminal (5) and a source terminal (6) were formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method.

Lastly, an Y₂O₃ film for use as a gate insulating film (3) was formed by an electron beam deposition method and gold was deposited thereon. A gate terminal (4) was then formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method.

Evaluation of Characteristics of TFT Element

The current-voltage characteristic of the TFT element formed on the PET film was measured at room temperature. Since the drain current I_(DS) increased with the drain voltage V_(DS), the channel was found to be of an n-conductivity type. This is consistent with the fact that the amorphous In—Sn—O amorphous oxide film is an n-type conductor. I_(DS) was saturated (pinch-off) at V_(DS)=about 6 V, which was a typical behavior for semiconductor transistors. When V_(g)=0 V, current of 5×10⁻⁸ A flowed, and when V_(g)=10 V, current of I_(ds)=5.0×10⁻⁵ A flowed. This is because carriers were induced in the In—Sn—O amorphous oxide thin film, i.e., an insulator, due to the gate bias. The on/off ratio of the transistor was about 10³. The field effect mobility was determined from the output characteristics. As a result, a field effect mobility of about 5 cm²(Vs)⁻¹ was obtained in the saturation region.

The TFT element formed on a glass substrate showed similar characteristics. The element formed on the PET film was inflected at a radius of curvature of 30 mm, and the same transistor characteristics were measured. No change in transistor characteristics was observed.

Example 12: Preparation of TFT Element Using In—Ga—O Amorphous Oxide Film by PLD Method

Atop gate TFT element shown in FIG. 5 was prepared. In particular, an In—Ga—O amorphous oxide film 120 nm in thickness for use as a channel layer (2) was formed on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film (1) by the deposition method of EXAMPLE 7.

An In—Ga—O amorphous oxide film having high electrical conductivity and a gold film each 30 nm in thickness were formed on this In—Ga—O amorphous oxide film by the PLD method at an oxygen partial pressure inside the chamber of less than 1 Pa while applying zero voltage to the oxygen radical generator. A drain terminal (5) and a source terminal (6) were formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method.

Lastly, an Y₂O₃ film for use as a gate insulating film (3) was formed by an electron beam deposition method and gold was deposited thereon. A gate terminal (4) was then formed by a photolithographic method and a lift-off method.

Evaluation of Characteristics of TFT Element

The current-voltage characteristic of the TFT element formed on the PET film was measured at room temperature. Since the drain current I_(DS) increased with the drain voltage V_(DS), the channel was found to be of an n-conductivity type. This is consistent with the fact that the amorphous In—Ga—O amorphous oxide film is an n-type conductor. I_(DS) was saturated (pinch-off) at V_(DS)=about 6 V, which was a typical behavior for semiconductor transistors. When V_(g)=0 V, current of 1×10⁻⁸ A flowed, and when V_(g)=10 V, current of I_(ds)=1.0×10⁻⁶ A flowed. This corresponds to the induction of electron carriers inside the insulator, In—Ga—O amorphous oxide film by the gate bias. The on/off ratio of the transistor was about 10². The field effect mobility was determined from the output characteristics. As a result, a field effect mobility of about 0.8 cm²(Vs)⁻¹ was obtained in the saturation region.

The TFT element formed on a glass substrate showed similar characteristics. The element formed on the PET film was inflected at a radius of curvature of 30 mm, and the same transistor characteristics were measured. No change in transistor characteristics was observed.

It should be noted that, as described in EXAMPLES above, the film can be used as a channel layer of a TFT by controlling the electron carrier concentration to less than 10¹⁸/cm³. The electron carrier concentration is more preferably 10¹⁷/cm³ or less and yet more preferably 10¹⁶/cm³ or less.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The amorphous oxide of the present invention can be used in semiconductor devices such as thin film transistors. The thin film transistors can be used as switching elements of LCDs and organic EL displays and are also widely applicable to see-through-type displays, IC cards, ID tags, etc. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) including: a substrate; and switching elements formed on the substrate; wherein the substrate is one of a glass substrate, a plastic substrate or a plastic film, and wherein each of the switching elements comprises a thin film transistor comprising: a gate terminal formed over the substrate; a gate insulating film formed on the gate terminal; an amorphous oxide channel layer formed on the gate insulating film, the amorphous oxide channel layer including In, Ga, Zn and O; a drain terminal formed on the amorphous oxide channel layer, the drain terminal partially overlapping with the gate terminal; and a source terminal formed on the amorphous oxide channel layer and apart from the drain terminal, the source terminal partially overlapping with the gate terminal.
 2. The LCD according to claim 1, wherein the switching element is operable in a normally off type.
 3. The LCD according to claim 1, wherein the amorphous oxide channel layer is formed such that an electron mobility of the amorphous oxide channel layer increases with an electron carrier concentration of the amorphous oxide channel layer.
 4. The LCD according to claim 1, wherein each thin film transistor further comprises a top-gate structure.
 5. The LCD according to claim 1, wherein each thin film transistor further comprises a bottom-gate structure.
 6. The LCD according to claim 1, wherein each of the drain terminal and the source terminal comprises a first layer contacting the amorphous oxide channel layer and a second layer formed on the first layer, the second layer comprising metal.
 7. An organic Electroluminescence (EL) display including: a substrate; and switching elements formed on the substrate; wherein the substrate is one of a glass substrate, a plastic substrate or a plastic film, and wherein each of the switching elements comprises a thin film transistor comprising: a gate terminal formed over the substrate; a gate insulating film formed on the gate terminal; an amorphous oxide channel layer formed on the gate insulating film, the amorphous oxide channel layer including In, Ga, Zn and O; a drain terminal formed on the amorphous oxide channel layer, the drain terminal partially overlapping with the gate terminal; and a source terminal formed on the amorphous oxide channel layer and apart from the drain terminal, the source terminal partially overlapping with the gate terminal.
 8. The organic EL display according to claim 7, wherein the switching element is operable in a normally off type.
 9. The organic EL display according to claim 7, wherein the amorphous oxide channel layer is formed such that an electron mobility of the amorphous oxide channel layer increases with an electron carrier concentration of the amorphous oxide channel layer.
 10. The organic EL display according to claim 7, wherein each thin film transistor further comprises a top-gate structure.
 11. The organic EL display according to claim 7, wherein the thin film transistor further comprises a bottom-gate structure.
 12. The organic EL display according to claim 7, wherein each of the drain terminal and the source terminal comprises a first layer contacting the amorphous oxide channel layer and a second layer formed on the first layer, the second layer comprises metal. 